FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ANN M. SUTTON STEVE CARTER
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
CHRISTOPHER C.T. STEPHEN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
MICHAEL SHIRLEY, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-0306-CR-480
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Patrick Murphy, Judge
Cause No. 49G14-0206-FD-156960
February 13, 2004
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
BROOK, Chief Judge
Case Summary
Appellant-defendant Michael Shirley appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled substance,
See footnote
a
Class D felony. We affirm.
Issues
Shirley raises two issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the evidence obtained from a search of Shirley should have
been suppressed due to an alleged improper initial stop; and
II. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support the guilty verdict.
Facts and Procedural History
On June 2, 2002, around 2:20 a.m., Indianapolis Police Officer Jayson Campbell saw
Shirley riding a bicycle erratically. That is, Shirley was weaving between the
northbound and southbound lanes of North Sherman Drive and fell off the bicycle
two or three times. Concerned that Shirley might be having a health
problem or was impaired, Officer Campbell asked him as he rode closer if
he was all right. Yeah, Im fine, Im fine, Im just, you
know, riding my bike, replied Shirley. Tr. at 25. Noticing that
Shirley had a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage on his breath, glassy
eyes, slightly slurred speech, and swayed as he spoke, Officer Campbell suspected intoxication
and requested identification. Shirley complied. Upon relaying the information to a
control operator, Officer Campbell learned that Shirley had an outstanding warrant.
Officer Campbell placed Shirley under arrest pursuant to the warrant and conducted a
search incident to arrest. Officer Campbell found in Shirleys front right pant
pocket an unlabeled pill bottle containing four pills for which Shirley had no
prescription. Officer Campbell described the pills to the control operator, who advised
him that they were Roxicet, Oxycontine, a Schedule II controlled substance.
See footnote Shirley
stated, Man, I got those pills from my mom.
Id. at 27.
At that point, Officer Campbell arrested Shirley for possession of controlled substance
and public intoxication.
The State charged Shirley with possession of a controlled substance. Shirley filed
a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the search. The trial
court held a hearing on the motion in mid-December 2002. Following the
denial of the motion, a trial occurred, resulting in a guilty verdict.
Discussion and Decision
I. Denial of Motion to Suppress and Admission of Evidence
Shirley asserts that Officer Campbell did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him,
and that therefore the evidence found during the ensuing search of Shirley should
have been suppressed. In particular, Shirley contends that Officer Campbell was not
responding to any call, saw nothing more than Shirley get off his bike,
and had no indication that Shirley was about to commit any criminal offense.
Shirley further notes that while Officer Campbell stopped Shirley for safety issues,
Officer Campbell did not have any concerns about Shirleys safety as he passed
him and did not detail the traffic at the time to substantiate his
concern. Appellants Br. at 11.
Citing Quinn v. State, 792 N.E.2d 597 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied,
the State responds that the propriety of the stop is irrelevant in light
of the outstanding arrest warrant for [Shirley] discovered by Officer Campbell. Appellees
Br. at 4. We cannot agree. In Quinn, we held that
where a stop was undertaken on less than reasonable suspicion, but with the
purpose of executing a lawful outstanding arrest warrant, the trial court properly denied
the defendants motion to suppress because the intervening lawful arrest was sufficient to
remove the taint of any police illegality. Quinn, 792 N.E.2d at 603.
In Quinn, the officer knew of an outstanding arrest warrant for the
defendant and stopped the defendant-driver specifically to execute the warrant despite the fact
that the defendant-driver had not committed any traffic violations. In the present
case, Officer Campbell had no idea there was an arrest warrant for Shirley
until he radioed in Shirleys identification. Thus, we find Quinn inapposite here.
See id. (Riley, J. concurring in result with opinion).
We review a trial courts ruling on a motion to suppress for an
abuse of discretion. Jefferson v. State, 780 N.E.2d 398, 403 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002); see also Crabtree v. State, 762 N.E.2d 241, 244 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2002). Generally, no abuse of discretion occurs where there exists sufficient
evidence justifying the initial seizure. Jefferson, 780 N.E.2d at 403. As
in other sufficiency matters, the record must disclose substantial evidence of probative value
that supports the trial courts decision. See Finger v. State, 799 N.E.2d
528, 533 (Ind. 2003). We do not reweigh the evidence and we
consider conflicting evidence most favorably to the trial courts ruling. Id.; see
also Crabtree v. State, 762 N.E.2d 217, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (citing
Edwards v. State, 759 N.E.2d 626, 630 (Ind. 2001)).
Our supreme court has summarized the three levels of police investigation:
The Fourth Amendment regulates nonconsensual encounters between citizens and law enforcement officials and
does not deal with situations in which a person voluntarily interacts with a
police officer. A full-blown arrest or a detention that lasts for more
than a short period of time must be justified by probable cause.
A brief investigative stop may be justified by reasonable suspicion that the person
detained is involved in criminal activity.
Finger, 799 N.E.2d at 532 (emphases added).
In order to determine whether Officer Campbell impinged upon Shirleys Fourth Amendment rights,
we must first analyze what level of police investigation occurred. As the
above excerpt indicates, not every encounter between a police officer and a citizen
amounts to a seizure requiring objective justification. Indeed, to characterize every street
encounter between a citizen and the police as a seizure, while not enhancing
any interest guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment, would impose wholly unrealistic restrictions upon
a wide variety of legitimate law enforcement practices. See United States v.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553-54 (1980). As long as an individual
engaged by the police remains free to leave, the encounter is consensual, see
Jefferson, 780 N.E.2d at 403, and there has been no intrusion upon that
persons liberty or privacy to require some particularized and objective justification. See
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554. Examples of circumstances under which a reasonable
person would have believed he was not free to leave include the threatening
presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some
physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language
or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officers request might be
compelled. Overstreet v. State, 724 N.E.2d 661, 664 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000),
trans. denied.
In the present case, at 2:20 a.m., Officer Campbell observed Shirley both weaving
his bicycle between the northbound and southbound lanes and falling off the bicycle
two or three times. Officer Campbell did not stop Shirley per se.
Rather, concerned about possible impairment of health or otherwise, Officer Campbell simply
asked Shirley as he rode closer if he was all right. At
that time, no other officers were present. Moreover, no evidence was presented
that would indicate that Officer Campbell displayed a weapon or that he spoke
using language, or in a tone of voice, mandating compliance. Instead, at
this point, the situation appeared to be just the sort of voluntary interaction
wherein a law enforcement officer was simply making a casual and brief inquiry
of a citizen which involves neither an arrest nor a stop. See
id. at 663. Thus, the Fourth Amendment was not implicated up to
that point.
However, in speaking with Shirley, Officer Campbell noticed that Shirley had a strong
odor of an alcoholic beverage on this breath, glassy eyes, slightly slurred speech,
and a sway. This additional information, coupled with the manner in which
Shirley was maneuvering his bicycle at 2:20 a.m., caused Officer Campbell to suspect
that Shirley was intoxicated. Hence, the officer requested identification and the casual
inquiry became a stop. See Finger, 799 N.E.2d at 533 (noting how officers
retention of a drivers license converted a consensual encounter into an investigative stop
requiring reasonable suspicion).
To withstand Constitutional scrutiny, an investigatory stop requires the presence of a reasonable
suspicion based on articulable facts which, together with the reasonable inferences arising therefrom,
would permit an ordinary prudent person to believe that criminal activity has or
was about to occur. Burkett v. State, 736 N.E.2d 304, 306 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2000). Such reasonable suspicion must be comprised of more than
an officers general hunches or unparticularized suspicions. Webb v. State, 714 N.E.2d
787, 788 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The facts supporting a reasonable suspicion
that criminal activity is afoot must rise to some minimum level of objective
justification for the temporary detention of a person to be valid. Reeves
v. State, 666 N.E.2d 933, 936 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996).
We have no trouble concluding that under the circumstances, Officer Campbell had reasonable
suspicion to believe that criminal activity, specifically public intoxication,
See footnote was afoot. Accordingly,
Officer Campbells request for identification was justified. Upon calling in the information
and learning of the outstanding arrest warrant, Officer Campbell placed Shirley under arrest,
conducted a lawful search incident to arrest, and found the pills. Given
these facts, we conclude that there was no violation of the Fourth Amendment.See footnote
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
motion to suppress evidence.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, Shirley maintains that he was carrying
the [pills at] the request of his mother, who was prescribed the medication
to relieve the pain associated with her chronic rheumatoid arthritis, to deliver the
medication to her. Appellants Br. at 8. For support, he relies
on his mothers testimony.
Our standard of review when considering the sufficiency of evidence is well settled.
We will not reweigh the evidence or consider the credibility of witnesses.
Only the evidence most favorable to the verdict, together with all reasonable inferences
that can be drawn therefrom will be considered. If a reasonable trier
of fact could have found the defendant guilty based on the probative evidence
and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, then a conviction will be affirmed.
Wilson v. State, 754 N.E.2d 950, 957 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (citations omitted).
To convict Shirley of the Class D felony, the State was required
to show beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly or intentionally possessed a
controlled substance classified in schedule II without a valid prescription. See Ind.
Code § 35-48-4-7(a).
According to Officer Campbells trial testimony, Shirley was riding his bicycle at 2:20
a.m. with an unmarked bottle of pills in his front pant pocket.
Shirley provided no prescription, valid or otherwise, for the Oxycodone, and explained to
Officer Campbell, Man, I got those pills from my mom. Tr. at
27. Shirley did not mention to Officer Campbell that he was taking
anything to his mother.
Id. at 31. In addition to that
evidence, the jury heard Shirleys mothers testimony in defense of her son.
Specifically, she stated that she was playing cards at a friends house that
evening, decided to stay overnight, telephoned Shirley at approximately 11:30 p.m., and asked
that he bring her some of her pain pills as her severe arthritis
in her hands was bothering her. Shirleys mother also testified that she
had never asked her son to bring her medication before, that she would
not want to see her son go to jail, and that sometimes she
carried medications with her in small bottles with child-proof caps and the labels
removed.
In determining a verdict, it was the jurys job to judge the credibility
of the witnesses and to weigh the evidence. Given the record provided
on appeal, we cannot second-guess the jurys decision that the State met its
burden. To conclude otherwise would be an invasion of the jurys province
as the factfinder.
Affirmed.
SULLIVAN, J., and ROBB, J., concur.
Footnote:
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-7(a).
Footnote:
Indeed, lab tests indicated that the pills were oxycodone, a schedule
II controlled substance.
See Ind. Code § 35-48-2-6(b)(1)(N).
Footnote:
See Purcell v. State, 721 N.E.2d 220, 222 (Ind. 1999)
(mentioning the crime of public intoxication).
Footnote:
In the same section of his brief in which he discusses the
Fourth Amendment, Shirley mentions Article I, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.
However, he does not conduct a separate analysis. While we could find
that he has waived the Indiana Constitution issue,
see Ackerman v. State, 774
N.E.2d 970, 984 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied, we note that under
the totality of the circumstances, Officer Campbells behavior was reasonable. See Jackson
v. State, 785 N.E.2d 615, 618 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied.
Therefore, Indianas Constitutional provision does not change our result.