FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DAVID W. STONE IV E. THOMAS KEMP
Stone Law Office & Legal Research Richmond, Indiana
Anderson, Indiana
DAVID A. FEDERICO
Hagerstown, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
DANIEL F. MILLION, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 89A01-0310-CV-377
)
JANET L. (MILLION ) SWAGER, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE WAYNE CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Douglas VanMiddlesworth, Judge
Cause No. 89C01-9405-DR-59
April 28, 2004
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
MAY, Judge
Daniel F. Million (Father) appeals the trial courts order regarding payment of college
expenses for C.C.M., the oldest child of Fathers former marriage to Janice L.
Swager (Mother). Father raises one issue on appeal, which is whether the
trial courts order that Father pay toward C.C.M.s education at Cornell University was
clearly erroneous. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
C.C.M. was born August 30, 1982, during the marriage of Mother and Father.
See footnote
On January 6, 1995, the trial court dissolved the marriage. Pursuant
to that decree, the parties share joint legal custody of C.C.M. and Mother
has physical custody. C.C.M. went to public school for his first two
years of high school, then finished his high school education at the Indiana
Academy affiliated with Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana.See footnote During his two
years at the Indiana Academy, C.C.M. received all As and was on the
honor roll every semester. As a senior in 2001, he was recognized
as a National Merit Scholar.
During his senior year, C.C.M. began searching for a college that would offer
both the best academic program in his chosen fields of study, physics and
mathematics, and the best financial aid package. C.C.M. attempted to involve Father
in his college search, but Father failed to return C.C.M.s phone calls.
In addition, when C.C.M. needed financial information from Father to complete financial aid
applications for the six schools to which he applied, Father refused to provide
that information. On January 25, 2001, Mother filed a motion to modify
the child support decree to address college expenses.
C.C.M. was accepted at Cornell UniversitySee footnote and determined it was offering the most
financial aid of the schools to which he applied. In the summer
of 2001, after C.C.M. accepted Cornell Universitys offer to attend in the fall
of 2001, Father met with C.C.M. and Mother and offered to let C.C.M.
use his van to move to college.
The cost of C.C.M.s freshman year at Cornell was $36,978.00, which included tuition,
room and board, books, and supplies. C.C.M.s financial aid covered $22,453.00, C.C.M.
earned $1,800.00 through a work/study program, C.C.M. took out student loans for $6,625.00,
and Mother borrowed the remaining $6,100.00.
On August 1, 2002, Mother filed another motion to modify the dissolution decree
to include college expenses. The total cost of C.C.M.s sophomore year at
Cornell was $38,811.00. To help cover those costs, Mother borrowed another $11,000.00.
In May of 2003, the trial court held a hearing on Mothers motion
to modify. Each party filed proposed findings and conclusions. The trial
courts judgment included, in relevant part, the following:
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. On January 6, 1995, this Court issued its decree of dissolution terminating the
marriage of the parties and making provisions for the care and custody of
the parties three minor children . . . .
* * * * *
3. The modification order of July 5, 2000, provided that [Father] pay directly to
[C.C.M.] the sum of One Hundred Twenty-Five Dollars ($125.00) per month to assist
[C.C.M.] in paying his expenses while attending high school.
4. [Mother] filed the Motion to Modify Dissolution of Marriage Decree Relating to College
Expenses, Child Support and Other Related Matters on January 25, 2001 and subsequently
filed an amended motion on August 1, 2002.
5. [C.C.M.] graduated from high school in June of 2001, and enrolled at Cornell
University in Ithaca, New York in the fall of 2001, as a freshman.
He successfully completed his freshman and sophomore years at Cornell, and anticipates
returning in the fall of 2003 for his junior year at college.
* * * * *
7. [C.C.M.] is an exceptionally bright student, having earned high marks in high school,
performed well on college entrance exams, and achieved academic recognition for his performance
while enrolled at Cornell.
8. [C.C.M.]s freshman year at Cornell cost a total of $36,978.00 in tuition, room
and board, books and supplies, travel and fees, of which [Mother] paid $6,100.00.
9. [C.C.M.]s sophomore year at Cornell cost a total of $38,811.00 in tuition, room
and board, books and supplies, travel and fees, of which [Mother] paid $10,800.00.
10. It is anticipated that the costs and eligibility for aid for [C.C.M.]s junior
and senior year at Cornell will be in line with his freshman and
sophomore years.
11. After the last modification [Father], a self-employed building contractor, suffered business and financial
reverses resulting in personal and business bankruptcy.
12. [Father] is employed at Newcomber Lumber in Greenfield, Indiana with a base salary
of $25,000.00 per year, and earns Five Percent (5%) commission on sales.
13. [Mother] is employed at Wal-Mart in New Castle, Indiana earning $9.49 per hour
and working approximately 45 hours per week.
14. [Father]s normal and average weekly wages at the time of the hearing are
$481.00.
15. [Mother]s normal and average weekly wages at the time of the hearing are
$451.00.
16. The parties combined income is $932.00, with [Father] earning approximately 52% of said
combined weekly gross income and [Mother] earning approximately 48% of such income.
17. It is anticipated that [C.C.M.] will be out of school and living either
with [Mother], or in such situation that he will require support from his
parents for approximately 17 weeks out of each year.
18. There has been a substantial and significant change in the circumstances of the
parties and the children such that a modification of the previous entry of
this Court is justified. Specifically, the parties oldest child, [C.C.M.] has enrolled
at college.
* * * * *
CONCLUSIONS
[1] This case presents a unique confluence of circumstances that affords no entirely
satisfactory resolution. [C.C.M.] has studied diligently in pursuit of his dream of
obtaining his education and degree at a top flight university. He has
proven to be an exceptional student and has succeeded in obtaining significant financial
aid enabling him to pursue his degree at Cornell University with the help
of his mother, his own earnings and loans. An education at Cornell
is expensive and the expectations of [Mother] for contributions from [Father] for these
expenses places a financial challenge that he contends he is unable to bear
due to financial reverses that resulted in a bankruptcy and a diminution of
his earnings. [Father] asserts that, had [C.C.M.] elected to attend a state
school, his academic credentials would have afforded him a free ride and therefore,
[Father] should be exonerated from contributing to educational expenses.
[2] The Courts determination of [Father]s obligation is based on 1/3 of those
educational expenses not covered by grants and scholarships being paid by [C.C.M.], and
the remaining 2/3 being paid by [Father] and [Mother] according to their incomes,
52% and 48% respectively. Therefore, 35% of those educational expenses not covered
by scholarships and grants shall be borne by [Father] and 32% by [Mother],
except that neither parties [sic] obligation shall exceed $4,000.00 per year.
[3] The parties obligation should be capped at $4,000.00 per year as that
constitutes a reasonable limitation based on their incomes. The Court recognizes that
this limitation will create a shortfall that [C.C.M.] will have to make up
through loans or by one or both parties voluntarily contributing beyond the limit
imposed by the Court. The Court notes that the cap imposed approximates
one third the expenses that would be incurred at a state school.
The Court is not persuaded that a financial benefit of [C.C.M.]s record of
academic excellence should inure to [Father] based on his reasoning that with such
achievements [C.C.M.] could have obtained a free ride at Purdue. In choosing
a school, [C.C.M.] is entitled to the benefit of his dedication to academic
excellence and his parents should expect to make a reasonable contribution.
[4] [Father]s duty of contribution for [C.C.M.]s freshman year should be $3,172.00 (52%
of $6,100.00 paid by [Mother]). [Father]s duty of contribution for [C.C.M.]s sophomore
year should be limited by the cap imposed herein and he shall remunerate
[Mother] in the amount of $4,000.00. Judgment should be entered for [Mother]
and against [Father] in the amount of $7,172.00.
[5] [Father] shall be credited for such installments of $125.00 paid to [C.C.M.]
attributable to college expenses upon proof of same and a judicial determination of
such credit.
[6] [Father]s duty of contribution for the academic years 2003-04 and 2004-05 should
be 35% of those educational expenses not covered by scholarships or grants, to
include tuition, room and meals, books, fees and travel expenses. [Father]s contribution
should not exceed $4,000.00 per academic year. [Father] should pay two installments
of $2,000.00 to [C.C.M.] on or before August 15 and December 15 for
each academic year. An accounting should be made at the conclusion of each
academic year by [C.C.M.] and any surplus paid by [Father] should be remitted
to him. . . .
(Appellants App. at 62-65.) Father appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Father asserts the trial courts requirement that he contribute toward C.C.M.s education at
Cornell University was clearly erroneous. We review a trial courts apportionment of
college expenses for clear error. Carr v. Carr, 600 N.E.2d 943, 945
(Ind. 1992). Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment unless it is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances which were before
the court. Id.
Regarding support orders for college expenses, our legislature has provided:
(a) The child support order or an educational support order may also include,
where appropriate:
(1) amounts for the childs education in elementary and secondary schools and at
institutions of higher learning, taking into account:
(A) the childs aptitude and ability;
(B) the childs reasonable ability to contribute to educational expenses through:
(i) work;
(ii) obtaining loans; and
(iii) obtaining other sources of financial aid reasonably available to the child and
each parent; and
(C) the ability of each parent to meet these expenses . . .
.
Ind. Code § 31-16-6-2.
In addition, the commentary to the Child Support Guidelines explains:
The data upon which the Guideline schedules are based include a component for
ordinary educational expenses. Any extraordinary educational expenses incurred on behalf of a
child shall be considered apart from the total basic child support obligation.
Extraordinary educational expenses may be for elementary, secondary or post-secondary education, and should
be limited to reasonable and necessary expenses for attending private or special schools,
institutions of higher learning, and trade, business or technical schools to meet the
particular educational needs of the child.
* * * * *
b. Post-Secondary Education. The authority of the Court to award post-secondary educational
expenses is derived from IC 31-16-6-2. It is discretionary with the court
to award post-secondary educational expenses and in what amount. In making such
a decision, the court should consider post-secondary education to be a group effort,
and weigh the ability of each parent to contribute to payment of the
expense, as well as the ability of the student to pay a portion
of the expense.
If the Court determines that an award of post-secondary educational expense is appropriate,
it should apportion the expenses between the parents and the child, taking into
consideration scholarships, grants, student loans, summer and school year employment and other cost-reducing
programs available to the student. These sources of assistance should be credited
to the childs share of the educational expense.
* * * * *
The court may limit consideration of college expenses to the cost of state
supported colleges and universities or otherwise may require that the income level of
the family and the achievement level of the child be sufficient to justify
the expense of private school.
Commentary, Child Support Guideline 6 (1998).
The trial courts order indicates that it considered the factors required by the
statute. The court considered C.C.M.s academic successes in high school and at
Cornell. (See Findings 5 & 7 and Conclusion 1.) The court
took into account C.C.M.s ability to contribute. (See Findings 8 & 9
and Conclusions 1 & 2.) The court also considered the ability of
Mother and Father to meet the expenses. (See Findings 11-16 and Conclusion
3.)
In addition, the courts order indicates it considered the factors discussed in the
commentary to the Child Support Guidelines. The court capped Fathers contribution at
one-third the cost of a state supported university in Indiana. (See Conclusion
3.) The court considered C.C.M.s ability to excel at Cornell University and
his desire to attend a top-flight university. (See Conclusion 1.) By
requiring C.C.M. to be responsible for 1/3 of the expenses remaining after grants
and scholarships, the court made payment for C.C.M.s education a group effort and
apportion[ed] the expenses between the parents and the child.
See footnote Commentary, Child Supp.
G. 6. (
See Conclusion 2.)
Nevertheless, Father claims the trial courts decision was clearly erroneous because C.C.M. could
have received a free ride at a state university in Indiana and then
Father would not have had to pay any college expenses. C.C.M. did
not apply to any universities in Indiana, so the validity of Fathers expectation
that C.C.M. could have received a full scholarship is uncertain. Fathers belief
was based on conversations with unnamed individuals at the Indiana Academy, whom we
have no reason to believe could have guaranteed a full scholarship to an
Indiana university. Accordingly, the trial courts refusal to relieve Father of all
financial responsibility was not clearly erroneous.
Father also argues:
[M]other and [C.C.M.] unilaterally chose a private school even though there was joint
custody which: means that the persons awarded joint custody will share authority and
responsibility for the major decisions concerning the childs upbringing, including the childs education,
healthcare, and religious training. Ind. Code § 31-9-2-67.
(Br. of Appellant at 10.) We find Fathers argument somewhat misplaced.
The record indicates C.C.M. tried, from December 2000 forward, to include Father in
his decision-making process regarding college, but Father failed to respond to C.C.M.s phone
calls or requests for assistance. Rather, the first time C.C.M. and Father
discussed the matter was when they encountered one another in a local store
in May of 2001, after C.C.M. had already accepted an offer to attend
Cornell University. Father also admitted he does not communicate with Mother regarding
C.C.M.s upbringing. Father had his attorney send a letter to Mothers attorney
in which he refused to provide financial information to universities outside Indiana, based
in part upon the additional cost of such schools. However, that communication
did not take place until February 15, 2001. If Father had engaged
in the decision-making process with his son and explained the financial constraints to
C.C.M. during the time C.C.M. was filling out applications for colleges, we might
look more favorably on Fathers complaint that he was not included in the
decision-making process.
In addition, we note that Father testified at the hearing that he was
willing to contribute three thousand dollars a year toward C.C.M.s education at Cornell
University. (See Tr. at 181-82) (I am already paying fifteen hundred dollars
a year here. I would be glad to contribute another fifteen hundred
. . . .). Accordingly, he may not challenge that portion of
the trial courts order. See Clark v. Madden, 725 N.E.2d 100, 105
(Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (holding father could not challenge trial court order that
he hire a nanny when father had offered to do so at the
custody hearing). Given the trial courts order requires him to pay, at
most, one thousand dollars a year more than he expressly stated he was
willing to pay, we decline to find the trial courts apportioning of college
expenses clearly erroneous.
Father offered to pay three thousand dollars a year toward C.C.M.s college education
at Cornell University. The trial court ordered him to pay 35% of
costs not covered by scholarships or grants, but it capped the amount he
could be required to pay at $4,000.00 per year, which represents less than
one-third of the agreed cost of an education at a state supported university
in Indiana. As the cost of attending Cornell University is nearly $40,000.00
per year, the courts order makes Father responsible for approximately 10% of the
cost of C.C.M.s college attendance. The trial courts apportionment of college expenses
is not clearly erroneous.
Affirmed.
SULLIVAN, J., and VAIDIK, J., concur.
Footnote:
Two other children were born during the marriage. However, the appealed
order involves payments for C.C.M. only.
Footnote: The Indiana Academy is a publicly funded high school for gifted and
talented students who wish to obtain an academic honors diploma and take Advanced
Placement courses for college. http://www.ihets.org/progserv/education/k20/indiana_academy.html (last visited March 19, 2004).
Footnote: Cornell University is a private school in Ithaca, New York, and is
affiliated with the Ivy League. http://www.cornell.edu/CUFACTS/thumbnail.html (last visited March 19, 2004).
Footnote: In fact, Father fared better than he might have on this factor,
because the trial court could have credited to the childs share of the
educational expense all monies from scholarships, grants, student loans, summer and school year
employment and other cost-reducing programs available to the student. Commentary, Child Supp.
G. 6. Rather than crediting all the scholarships against C.C.M.s portion and
dividing the remainder between Mother and Father, the trial court divided the remaining
expenses between Mother, Father, and C.C.M.