FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
JOSEPH E. ALLMAN JOEL K. STEIN
Macey Swanson and Allman Tiede Metz & Downs, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana Wabash, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JERRY LYNN LENNY NORDMAN, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 85A05-0307-CV-367
)
NORTH MANCHESTER FOUNDRY, INC., )
and EZRA GAHL, an Employee, )
)
Appellees-Plaintiffs. )
APPEAL FROM THE WABASH SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Michael L. Sposeep, Judge
Cause No. 85D01-0306-PO-133
June 28, 2004
OPINION FOR PUBLICATION
MAY, Judge
Jerry Lynn Nordman appeals the trial courts order granting his employers Petition for
a Temporary Restraining Order and Injunction Prohibiting Violence or Threats of Violence.
North Manchester Foundry (hereinafter the Foundry) claimed Nordman made a credible threat of
violence against its employee Ezra Gahl. Nordman raises five issues, but we
find the dispositive issue is whether his acts arose out of a labor
dispute and thus the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under Indianas Anti-Injunction
Act.
Reversed and remanded with instructions.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The facts most favorable to the judgment follow. On June 1, 2003,
Local 626 of the United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO went on strike and
began to picket at the Foundry. Nordman was one of the striking
union members. Ezra Gahl is an employee of the Foundry who continued
to work during the strike and the nephew of David Boyd, one of
the owners of the Foundry.
That day, while Nordman was picketing, Nordman asked Gahl to come out and
strike with them (Tr. at 12). Gahl refused. Nordman then called
Gahl some names and later that day, Nordman made a motion to Gahl
like he was going to break [him] in half. (Id.) Later
that evening, when Nordman was not picketing, he again called Gahl names.
He told Gahl that he was going down and that it might not
happen during the strike but Nordman guaranteed that Gahl would be going down.
(Id.) In response, Gahl told Nordman that if he came to
his house, Gahl would [have] something for him. (Id. at 18.)
On June 19, 2003, the Foundry filed its verified petition for a temporary
restraining order and complaint for injunction in the Wabash Superior Court, asking the
court to find an emergency existed and to issue a restraining order prohibiting
Nordman from further harassment of Gahl. On the same day the court
issued, ex parte, an Order to Show Cause and a Temporary Restraining Order
(TRO) against Nordman. The TRO, among other things, restrained Nordman from making
threats of violence against Gahl and set a hearing on the matter for
June 27, 2003.
At that hearing, both parties presented evidence and cross-examined witnesses. Thereafter, the
court entered an injunction based on the Workplace Violence Restraining Order statute
See footnote prohibiting
Nordman from battering, stalking, following, or contacting Gahl. The injunction required Nordman
to stay at least 100 yards away from Gahls residence and to pay
the Foundrys attorney fees of $2,250.00. Nordman appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION See footnote
The trial court proceeded under the Workplace Violence Restraining Order statute in granting
the injunction against Nordman. However, Nordman maintains, because of Indianas Anti-Injunction Act,
Ind. Code § 22-6-1-1 et. seq, the trial court did not have jurisdiction
to issue an injunction because this is a case involving or growing out
of a labor dispute. (Appellants Br. at 14.) We agree with
Nordman. The trial court erred by applying the Workplace Violence Restraining Order
statutes, rather than Indianas Anti-Injunction Act, because this threatened violence grew out of
a labor dispute.
Ind. Code § 34-26-6-6 provides for the issuance of a TRO or an
injunction to an employer on behalf of an employee to prohibit further violence
or threats of violence by a person if:
(1) the employee has suffered unlawful violence or a credible threat of violence
from the person; and
(2) the unlawful violence has been carried out at the employees place of
work or the credible threat of violence can reasonably be construed to be
carried out at the employees place of work by the person.
Nordman argues the trial court erred in applying the Workplace Violence Restraining Order
statute because his acts grew out of a labor dispute and therefore the
Indiana Anti-Injunction Act (AIA) controls whether an injunction may be ordered. The
AIA sets forth certain labor-related acts a state court is without jurisdiction to
enjoin, see Ind. Code § 22-6-1-4, but also specifies certain instances in which
a state court has jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief in a labor dispute.
For example, Ind. Code § 22-6-1-6 states generally that no court of
the state of Indiana shall have jurisdiction to issue a temporary or permanent
injunction in any case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, except
after findings of fact by the court, to the effect:
(1) that unlawful acts have been threatened and will be committed unless restrained
or have been committed and will be continued unless restrained, but no injunction
or temporary restraining order shall be issued on account of any threat or
unlawful act excepting against the person or persons, association, or organization making the
threat or committing the unlawful act or actually authorizing or ratifying the same
after actual knowledge thereof[.]
(Emphasis supplied.)
As this case involves threatened workplace violence, both the Workplace Violence Restraining Order
statute and the AIA could potentially apply. The Workplace Violence Restraining Order
statute applies to any credible threat of violence in the workplace. The
AIA applies specifically to threats of violence occurring during a labor dispute.
When two conflicting statutory provisions appear controlling, the statute dealing with a subject
in a specific manner controls over the statute dealing with the same subject
in general terms. Turner v. Bd. of Aviation Commrs, 743 N.E.2d 1153,
1160 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). The AIA is the more specific statutory
provision. Therefore, if it applies, the AIA is the controlling statute.
Accordingly, we address whether the AIA applies.
When equitable relief is sought in the context of a controversy involving labor
relations, the trial court must initially inquire as to whether the AIA has
withdrawn the courts jurisdiction to grant the desired remedy. Intl. Assn. of
M. & A.W. v. McGill Mfg. Co., 164 Ind. App. 321, 325, 328
N.E.2d 761, 764 (1975), rehg denied. Therefore, we must determine whether the
relief sought by the Foundry involved or grew out of a labor dispute
within the meaning of the AIA.
Ind. Code 22-6-1-12 provides:
When used in this act, and for the purpose of this act:
(a) A case shall be held to involve or grow out of a
labor dispute when the case involves persons who are engaged in the same
industry, trade, craft, or occupation; or have direct or indirect interests therein; or
who are employees of the same employer; or who are members of the
same or an affiliated organization of employers or employees; . . . or
when the case involves any conflicting or competing interests in a labor dispute
(as hereinafter defined) of persons participating or interested therein (as hereinafter defined).
*****
(c) The term labor dispute includes any controversy concerning terms or conditions of
employment, or concerning the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining,
changing, or seeking to arrange terms or conditions of employment, regardless of whether
or not the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee.
In Pompey v. Pryner, 668 N.E.2d 1243 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), an employer
sought to restrain an employee from harassing both the supervisor and company and
from coming within 500 feet of the company or supervisor because of threats
of violence made by the employee. The employee suffered emotional distress as
a result of the harassment to such an extent that he took a
leave of absence. The company attempted to terminate his employment for noncompliance
with provisions of the relevant collective bargaining agreement governing leaves of absence.
An arbitrator subsequently ruled the termination was improper and reinstated the employment.
We concluded the relief sought grew out of a labor dispute within the
meaning of the AIA because prohibiting an employee from entering his place of
employment, hence prohibiting him from working, concerns a condition of his employment.
Id. at 1247.
The present case concerns a request by an employer to enjoin an employee
from making violent threats against another employee. Those threats stemmed from the
fact that Gahl, the threatened employee, would not join other striking employees.
Gahl claimed to have suffered emotional distress as a result of the harassment
by Nordman. Specifically, the Foundry alleged in its Petition for Temporary Restraining
Order and Injunction that Nordman [had] made a credible threat of violence against
[Gahl] by making knowing or willful statements or a course of conduct that
would place a reasonable person in fear for his or her safety, or
the safety of his or her immediate family. (Appellants App. at Tab
B.)
See footnote
Violence directed against fellow workers constitutes an unlawful act within the meaning of
Ind. Code § 22-6-1-6.
See Pompey, 668 N.E.2d at 1247. While
the incident cannot be characterized as concerning the terms or conditions of employment
as the Foundry asserts, it did arise out of a labor dispute.
Thus, we conclude the controversy raised by the Foundry grew out of a
labor dispute within the meaning of the AIA and the trial court erred
by applying the Workplace Violence Restraining Order statute.
Next we must address whether the trial courts application of the Workplace Violence
Restraining Order statute was harmless error. If a court determines it has
jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief in a matter involving a labor dispute, it
must strictly adhere to the procedures set out in the AIA. Ind.
Code § 22-6-1-1.
See footnote
The AIA was intended to minimize judicial control of labor-related disputes.
Pompey,
668 N.E.2d at 1248. The AIA transforms a request for injunctive relief
involving parties in a labor dispute into a special statutory proceeding and establishes
a complex set of procedural requirements which strictly circumscribe the equity jurisdiction of
trial courts. Id.
The procedural requirements to which the trial court must adhere are set out
in Ind. Code § 22-6-1-6. According to that section, no Indiana court
has jurisdiction to issue a temporary or permanent injunction in any case involving
or growing out of a labor dispute except after hearing the testimony of
witnesses in open court (with opportunity for cross-examination) in support of the allegations
of a complaint made under oath, and testimony in opposition thereto, if offered,
and except after findings of fact by the court, to the effect:
(1) That unlawful acts have been threatened and will be committed unless restrained
or have been committed and will be continued unless restrained, but no injunction
or temporary restraining order shall be issued on account of any threat or
unlawful act excepting against the person or persons, association or organization making the
threat or committing the unlawful act or actually authorizing or ratifying the same
after actual knowledge thereof;
(2) That substantial and irreparable injury to complainants property will follow;
(3) That as to each item of relief granted injury
See footnote will be inflicted
upon complainant by the denial of relief than will be inflicted upon defendants
by the granting of relief;
(4) That complainant has no adequate remedy at law; and
(5) That the public officer charged with the duty to protect complainants property
is unable or unwilling to furnish adequate protection. Such hearings shall be
held after due and personal notice thereof has been given, in such manner
as the court shall direct, to all known persons against whom relief is
sought, and also to the chief of those public officers of the county
and city within which the unlawful acts have been threatened or committed charged
with the duty to protect complainants property[.]
The statute requires the court to weigh evidence presented at a hearing and
to make specific findings evidencing the courts consideration of all the critical elements
listed in the statute.
Intl Alliance Theatrical Stage Employees v. Sunshine Promotions,
Inc., 555 N.E.2d 1309, 1312 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990).
[A] plaintiff seeking injunctive relief must affirmatively invoke the courts jurisdiction by a
verified complaint which alleges all of the factual assertions enumerated by the statute.
Pompey, 668 N.E.2d at 1248; Cf. Local Union No. 15 v. Indiana
Glass Co., 771 N.E.2d 1193 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (where the allegations of
Indiana Glass complaint satisfied all five of the pleading requirements of section 6
of the AIA, the trial courts entry of injunctive relief was valid).
The requirements set out in the AIA constitute an exception to the liberal
notice pleading standard of Trial Rule 8(A). Pompey, 668 N.E.2d at 1248.
When a plaintiff fails to comply with the procedural requirements of the
AIA, a trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction from the outset to grant
injunctive relief. When such occurs, the proper remedy is dismissal of the
action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. The Foundrys petition
for injunctive relief did not conform with the requirements of Section 6 because
it failed to allege item (5) set out above.
See footnote
Accordingly, we reverse and remand for the court to dismiss the Foundrys petition
without prejudice.
See Pompey, 668 N.E.2d at 1248 (inasmuch as the dismissal
is for failure to comply with procedural requirements and is not a determination
on the merits, we further conclude that the dismissal should be without prejudice).
Reversed and remanded with instructions.
See footnote
BAKER, J., and NAJAM, J., concur.
Footnote: Ind. Code § 34-26-6-6.
Footnote: We note initially Nordmans assertion the trial court erred because it granted
a temporary restraining order against him without the Foundry giving him proper notice.
However, Nordmans argument fails because the trial court entered a permanent injunction,
which is a final judgment, thereby making his argument moot.
See Barton
v. Fuller, 249 Ind. 100, 231 N.E.2d 35 (1967) (where a temporary order
appealed had been dissolved by issuance of a permanent writ, our supreme court
dismissed the appeal for mootness).
Footnote:
We remind Nordman that Appellate Rule 51(C) states: All pages of
the Appendix shall be
numbered at the bottom consecutively[.] (Emphasis supplied.)
Nordman did not number the pages of his appendix, but instead indexed each
item included in his appendix with alphabetized tabs.
Footnote:
Ind. Code § 22-6-1-1 states:
No court of the state of Indiana, as defined in this chapter, shall
have jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction in
a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, except in a
strict conformity with the provisions of this chapter; nor shall any such restraining
order or temporary or permanent injunction be issued contrary to the public policy
declared in this chapter.
Footnote: As in original text. It is apparent from the context that
the sentence should read more or greater injury.
Footnote: Nordmans only contention is that the petition for injunctive relief is void
because a showing that the police department is unable or unwilling to act
on complaints of unlawful conduct is required to seek the courts injunctive assistance
and the Foundry made no such showing. (Appellants Br. at 20.)
We agree with Nordman that the Foundry failed to allege item (5) of
Ind. Code 22-6-1-6(a); it appears the Foundry failed to allege items (2)-(4) as
well. Nordman does not argue this in his brief. Accordingly, those
arguments are waived. Because the Foundry failed to allege item (5) in
its petition for injunctive relief, it did not fulfill all of the specific
pleading requirements of the Anti-Injunction Act, and its petition is therefore insufficient.
Footnote: Because we reverse on procedural grounds, we need not address Nordmans arguments
regarding the validity of the injunction or the propriety of its breadth.