FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
PATRICK R. RAGAINS STEVE CARTER
Smith & Ragains Attorney General of Indiana
Anderson, Indiana
RICHARD C. WEBSTER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JOHN GALL, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 48A05-0305-CR-234
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MADISON SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Thomas Newman, Jr., Judge
Cause No. 48D03-0203-CF-95
July 20, 2004
OPINION FOR PUBLICATION
MATHIAS, Judge
John Gall (Gall) was convicted of dangerous possession of a firearm,
See footnote as a
Class A misdemeanor, two counts of criminal recklessness,See footnote as Class D felonies, and
attempted murder,See footnote a Class A felony, by a jury in the Madison Superior
Court, and sentenced to thirty years executed. Gall appeals, raising the following
combined and restated issues:
Whether Gall was improperly charged under Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5;
Whether sufficient evidence was presented to support Galls convictions of dangerous possession of
a firearm and attempted murder;
Whether the trial court improperly excluded testimony from H.S. as to Galls intent;
and,
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing Gall.
Concluding that Gall was properly charged, that sufficient evidence supported his convictions, that
the trial court properly excluded H.S.s testimony, and that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it sentenced Gall, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
Gall was sixteen years old when his father left him alone at home
to care for their dogs while he was out of town for several
days. On the evening of March 9, 2002, As.C. and H.S. visited
Gall at his home. Also visiting Gall that evening were B.O., T.D.
, and Am.P. During the course of the evening, As.C. and Am.P.
got into a fight, after which As.C. called her sister Am.C. at work
and told her that she had tried to call their father James Campbell
(Campbell), but could not reach him. As.C. then asked her sister to
contact their father and have him come to Galls residence to pick her
up. When Campbell arrived to pick up Am.C. from work, he had
already been contacted by As.C. at his friend Derrick Hagues (Hague) house.
Campbell, Am.C., and Hague then drove to Galls residence to pick up As.C.
All three went inside the home, but discovered that As.C. had already
left. Am.C. confronted Am.P. and asked why Am.P. had beaten up her
little sister. A physical altercation between the two ensued.
Meanwhile, Campbell confronted T.D. and questioned him about why he had been harassing
As.C. Campbell then asked where As.C. was and when T.D. replied that
he didnt know, Campbell struck T.D. in the arm with an axe handle
he used as a walking stick. Campbell informed his daughter Am.C., who
was still fighting Am.P., that they were leaving. Campbell, Am.C., H.S., and
Hague left the house and got in Campbells car.
While Campbell and Am.C. were confronting T.D. and Am.P., Gall went down the
hall to his fathers locked bedroom and kicked in the door. Gall
retrieved a Norinco AK-47-style semi-automatic rifle from his fathers gun cabinet, loaded it
with a 30-round magazine, and went out onto the front porch. By
this time, Campbell had driven his car to the house next door, where
Am.C. got out to inquire about As.C. Campbell saw Gall on
the porch with the weapon, and told Am.C. to get back in the
car. As Campbell drove away, Gall began shooting at the car.
H.S., who was sitting in the drivers side back seat, was struck in
the thigh by a bullet.
After shooting at Campbells car, Gall went back inside the house, returned the
Norinco to his fathers gun cabinet, and went upstairs to bed. Later
that night, police arrived and arrested Gall. Gall was charged with one
court of dangerous possession of a firearm and four counts of attempted murder.
A jury trial commenced on November 26, 2002. The jury convicted
Gall of dangerous possession of a firearm, two counts of criminal recklessness as
a lesser-included offense of attempted murder, and the attempted murder of James Campbell.
The trial court conducted a sentencing hearing on April 4, 2003 and
sentenced Gall to thirty years executed in the Department of Correction. Gall
now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Discussion and Decision
I. Galls Charge Under Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5(1)
First, Gall argues that he was improperly charged in adult criminal court rather
than in juvenile court. Specifically, he argues that the charge of dangerous
possession of a firearm under Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5(1) violates Indiana Code sections
31-30-1-4 and 31-30-3-5. Moreover, he argues that the charge of dangerous possession
of a firearm under Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5 subjects him to disparate treatment
in violation of Article One, Section Twenty-three of the Indiana Constitution.
Indiana Code section 31-30-1-4 provides:
(a) The juvenile court does not have jurisdiction over an individual for an
alleged violation of:
(10) IC 35-47-10 (children and firearms);
* * *
(12) any offense that may be joined under IC 35-34-1-9(a)(2) with any crime
listed in subdivisions (1) through (11);
if the individual was at least sixteen (16) years of age at the
time of the alleged violation.
(c) Once an individual described in subsection (a) has been charged with any
crime listed in subsection (a)(1) through (a)(15), the court having adult criminal jurisdiction
shall retain jurisdiction over the case even if the individual pleads guilty to
or is convicted of a lesser included offense. A plea of guilty
to or a conviction of a lesser included offense does not vest jurisdiction
in the juvenile court.
Ind. Code § 31-30-1-4 (1998 & Supp. 2003).
Indiana Code section 35-34-1-9(a)(2) provides that two or more offenses may be joined
when the offenses are based on the same conduct or on a series
of acts connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.
Ind. Code § 35-34-1-9(a)(2) (1998).
Here, Gall was charged with one count of dangerous possession of a firearm
and four counts of attempted murder as the result of his firing multiple
rounds from a semi-automatic weapon in the direction of Campbell and the three
passengers in his car on March 9, 2002. At the time, Gall
was sixteen years old. Under Indiana Code section 31-30-1-4(a), the juvenile court
lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to hear his case.
See Ind. Code § 31-30-1-4(a)(10)
& (12). See also B.D.T. v. State, 738 N.E.2d 1066 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2000) (holding a juvenile courts failure to transfer jurisdiction of case under
section 31-30-1-4 to criminal docket was fundamental error).
Gall also argues that the charges filed against him impermissibly circumvented the juvenile
waiver statute, Indiana Code section 31-30-3-5. However, that statute specifically excepts those
cases in which the juvenile court has no jurisdiction in accordance with I[ndiana]
C[ode section] 31-30-1-4[.] Ind. Code § 31-30-3-5 (1998). As set forth
above, this is just such a case and we find no merit in
Galls argument that by filing his charges in criminal court the State improperly
circumvented the juvenile waiver statute. As such, Galls charges were properly filed
in criminal court rather than juvenile court.
Finally, Gall argues that charging him under Indiana Code section 35-47-5-10 violated the
privileges and immunities provision of Article One, Section Twenty-three of the Indiana Constitution.
Gall acknowledges that in
Person v. State, 661 N.E.2d 587 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1996), trans. denied, this court determined that Indiana Code section 35-47-5-10 did
not violate the privileges and immunities provision of Article One, Section Twenty-three.
Nonetheless, Gall argues that the statute is unconstitutional as applied to him because
it results in disparate treatment. However, Gall fails to address how in
fact his treatment under the statute differs from the treatment of any juvenile
sixteen or more years of age who has been charged with multiple offenses,
one of which is included under Indiana Code section 31-30-1-4. While Gall
is correct in his assertion that had he only been charged with attempted
murder he might have been able to rebut the presumption of waiver into
adult court, that fact alone does not constitute disparate treatment for the purposes
of Article One, Section Twenty-three. See Person, 661 N.E.2d at 592-93 (applying
the standard set forth in Collins v. Day, 644 N.E.2d 72 (Ind. 1994)).
Therefore, we conclude that the charges against Gall were properly filed in the
criminal court and did not violate Article One, Section Twenty-three of the Indiana
Constitution.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Our standard of review for sufficiency claims is well settled. We neither
reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of the witnesses. Cox
v. State, 774 N.E.2d 1025, 1029 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). We only
consider the evidence most favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences that
can be drawn therefrom. Id. Where there is substantial evidence of
probative value to support the judgment, it will not be disturbed.
Armour v. State, 762 N.E.2d 208, 215 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.
A.
Dangerous Possession of a Firearm
First, Gall contends that insufficient evidence was presented to support his conviction of
dangerous possession of a firearm.
Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5 provides as follows:
A child who knowingly, intentionally, or recklessly:
(1) possesses a firearm for any purpose other than a purpose described in
section 1 of this chapter; or
(2) provides a firearm to another child with or without remuneration for any
purpose other than a purpose described in section 1 of this chapter;
commits dangerous possession of a firearm, a Class A misdemeanor. However, the
offense is a Class C felony if the child has a prior conviction
under this section.
Ind. Code § 35-47-10-5 (1998). Child is defined as a person who
is less than eighteen years old. Ind. Code § 35-47-10-3 (1998).
Gall argues that the State failed to establish that he was less than
eighteen years old on March 9, 2002. However, at trial, Gall testified
that he was sixteen years old. Tr. p. 453. Moreover, other
witnesses testified about their own ages and the age of the parties involved
in the incident. Am.C. testified that she was fifteen years old at
the time of the incident. Tr. p. 47. She also testified
that when she arrived at Galls house with her father, [e]verybody in the
house was a kid. Tr. p. 68. Campbell also testified that
when the door to Galls house was opened [t]here was just kids standing
there. Tr. p. 99. All of this testimony constitutes sufficient evidence
to establish that Gall was a child under the statute.
Gall also argues that the evidence presented established that he had his fathers
permission to possess the gun, and therefore was exempt from Indiana Code section
35-47-10-5.
See Indiana Code § 35-47-10-1(6) & (7) (1998). However, at
trial, Galls father testified that the semi-automatic weapon was kept in a locked
gun cabinet in his bedroom. Tr. p. 240. He also testified
that when he left on his trip, both the gun cabinet and the
bedroom were locked, and that only he had a key to the bedroom.
Tr. pp. 242-43. Galls father had also told a detective that
it was an unspoken rule in the home that Gall did not have
permission to handle his fathers guns when he was out of town.
Tr. p. 385. Gall points out that his father also testified that
Gall did have permission to use his guns for protection. Tr. p.
259. In effect, Gall asks that we reweigh the evidence, which we
will not do. Sufficient evidence was presented to establish that Gall did
not have permission to possess his fathers guns when his father was not
at home. Therefore, under these facts and circumstances, we conclude that sufficient
evidence was presented to sustain Galls conviction of dangerous possession of a firearm.
B.
Attempted Murder
Next, Gall contends that his conviction for attempted murder was not supported by
sufficient evidence. He argues that the State failed to prove that he
had the specific intent to kill Campbell.
In order to convict Gall of attempted murder, the State was required to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gall acted with the specific intent to
kill and that he engaged in conduct constituting a substantial step toward the
killing of Campbell. Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1 (1998 & Supp. 2003); Ind.
Code § 35-41-5-1(a) (1998). Intent to kill may be inferred from the
nature of the attack and the circumstances surrounding the crime.
Elliott v.
State, 786 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Kiefer v. State,
761 N.E.2d 802, 805 (Ind. 2002)). The intent to kill may also
be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon in a manner likely
to cause death or great bodily injury. Id.
Here, the State presented evidence that Gall kicked in the door to his
fathers locked bedroom and retrieved an AK-47-style semi-automatic rifle from among the guns
in his fathers gun cabinet. Tr. pp. 249-50, 455. Gall then
went out onto the front porch and repeatedly fired the weapon. Tr.
pp. 108-09, 281-82, 464-68. Gall claims that he intended only to
make Campbell leave the premises. However, the evidence presented indicates that by
the time Gall went out onto the front porch and began shooting, Campbell
was already in his car, had driven to a neighbors home, and was
driving away. Tr. pp. 61, 71-72, 107-08, 148, 158. Moreover, after
firing several warning shots in the air, Gall continued firing and struck Campbells
car several times. Tr. pp. 113, 463-64. One of the bullets
struck H.S., who was sitting directly behind Campbell in the car. Tr.
pp. 61, 105-06. Under these facts and circumstances, sufficient evidence supported Galls
conviction of attempted murder.
III. Exclusion of H.S.s Testimony
Next, Gall argues that the trial court improperly excluded H.S.s testimony about Galls
motives for shooting. During cross-examination, Gall asked H.S. whether he had any
motive to hurt her. The trial court sustained the States objection to
this line of questioning. Tr. p. 367. Gall later called H.S.
as a defense witness and again asked her if he had any reason
to hurt her. Tr. p. 411. Once again, the State objected
and the trial court sustained the objection.
Gall argues that the trial court should have allowed H.S. to testify about
his motives for shooting. The admission and exclusion of evidence is within
the sound discretion of the trial court and we review it only for
an abuse of discretion.
State v. Seabrooks, 803 N.E.2d 1190, 1193 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2004) (citing Jones v. State, 780 N.E.2d 373, 377 (Ind. 2002)).
An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial courts decision is clearly
against the logic and effects of the facts and circumstances before the court.
Id.
Here, Gall attempted to solicit H.S.s opinion about Galls intent in shooting.
He argues the trial court should have allowed H.S. to testify about his
intent in shooting because the State was required to prove specific intent to
kill in order to convict him of attempted murder. However, [w]hile opinion
testimony is not objectionable merely because it embraces an ultimate issue to be
decided by the trier of fact, [] witnesses may not testify as
to opinions concerning intent or legal conclusions.
Weaver v. State, 643 N.E.2d
342, 345 (Ind. 1994) (citing Ind. Evidence Rule 704(a) & (b)).
Furthermore, even if the trial court had erroneously limited H.S.s testimony, the resulting
error would be harmless. Errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence
are to be disregarded as harmless error unless they affect the substantial rights
of a party. Ind.Trial Rule 61; Fleener v. State, 656 N.E.2d
1140, 1141 (Ind. 1995). An error will be found harmless if its
probable impact on the jury, in light of all of the evidence in
the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the substantial rights
of the parties. Id. at 1142. Here, Gall testified himself that
he did not intend to hurt H.S., that he did not even realize
that she was in the car, and that her being hit by a
bullet was an accident. Tr. pp. 448, 485-86. The jury apparently
believed Gall and found him not guilty of attempted murder of H.S., but
convicted him of the lesser-included offense of criminal recklessness. As such, the
probable impact of H.S.s testimony about Galls intent would have been slight, and
any error in excluding H.S.s testimony would have been harmless.
For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it excluded H.S.s testimony regarding Galls intent.
IV. Sentencing
Sentencing decisions generally rest within the discretion of the trial court, and are
reviewed on appeal only for an abuse of that discretion. Corbett v.
State, 764 N.E.2d 622, 630 (Ind. 2002) (citing Monegan v. State, 756 N.E.2d
499, 501 (Ind.2001)). Because reasonable minds may differ due to the subjectivity
of the sentencing process, it is generally inappropriate for us to merely substitute
our opinions for those of the trial judge. Id. (citing Hurt v.
State, 657 N.E.2d 112, 114 (Ind. 1995)).
A.
Mitigating Circumstances
Gall contends that the trial court improperly found no mitigating circumstances in its
order sentencing him to the presumptive term of thirty years. He contends
that his age and the circumstances surrounding the shooting should have been considered
significant mitigating circumstances. However, we note that the trial court is not
required to find mitigating factors or to accept as mitigating the circumstances proffered
by the defendant. Powell v. State, 751 N.E.2d 311, 317 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001). Moreover, a sentencing court need not agree with the defendant
as to the weight or value to be given to proffered mitigating facts.
Bacher v. State, 722 N.E.2d 799, 803 (Ind. 2000). Here, at
the conclusion of Galls sentencing hearing, the trial court discussed Galls age and
Campbells provocation of the incident. Tr. pp. 668-70. However, the trial
court concluded that these were not significant mitigators. See Appellants App. p.
192. The trial court also found as aggravating circumstances Galls prior criminal
history, his use of marijuana, and his need of correctional rehabilitative treatment best
provided by his commitment to a penal facility. Id.; Tr. p. 671.
B.
Inappropriate Sentence
Gall argues that his thirty-year sentence for attempted murder is manifestly unreasonable.
See footnote
We will not revise a sentence authorized by statute unless the sentence is
inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of
the offender. Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B). See also Rodriguez v. State, 785
N.E.2d 1169, 1174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. In considering the
appropriateness of the sentence for the crime committed, trial courts should initially focus
upon the presumptive sentence. Hildebrandt v. State, 770 N.E.2d 355, 361
(Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. In this case, Gall
was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to the presumptive sentence for the
offense, a Class A felony. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4 (1998).
As discussed above, the trial court determined that there were no mitigating circumstances
and that several aggravating circumstances supported an enhanced sentence. Under these facts
and circumstances, we cannot conclude that Galls sentence of the presumptive term of
thirty years was inappropriate.
Conclusion
Gall was properly charged under Indiana Code section 35-47-10-5. Sufficient evidence was
presented to support his convictions for dangerous possession of a firearm and attempted
murder. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding H.S.s
testimony about Galls intent, nor did the trial court abuse its discretion when
it sentenced Gall to the presumptive term of thirty years.
Affirmed.
BARNES, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
Footnote:
Ind. Code § 35-47-10-5 (1998).
Footnote: Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2 (1998 & Supp. 2003).
Footnote: Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1 (1998 & Supp.2003); Ind.Code § 35-41-5-1(a) (1998).
Footnote: Gall argues that his sentence is manifestly unreasonable. However, our supreme
court amended Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), effective January 1, 2003. Under the
amended rule, in considering whether to revise a sentence, we must determine if
the sentence is inappropriate rather than whether the sentence is manifestly unreasonable.