FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:
ELIZABETH GAMBOA STEVE CARTER
Franklin, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
MAUREEN ANN BARTOLO
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
DANIELLE HULFACHOR, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. )
) No. 49A02-0402-CR-000182
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Ruth Reichard, Senior Judge
Cause No. 49G05-0208-FB-204492
August 26, 2004
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge
Appellant-defendant Danielle Hulfachor appeals the ten-year sentence imposed upon her conviction for Neglect
of a Dependent,
See footnote a class B felony. Specifically, she argues that the
trial court improperly considered evidence outside the record, the trial court did not
appropriately weigh the aggravators and mitigators, and her sentence was inappropriate in light
of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.
Finding that Hulfacher waived her argument regarding whether the trial court erred in
considering evidence outside the record and that her sentence is appropriate, we affirm.
FACTS
On June 14, 2002, Hulfachor and her seven-month-old son S.H. were staying with
Susan Rogers so that they could be near S.H.s incarcerated father. Also
staying at the house was Catherine Connor, an eighty-nine-year-old woman who suffered from
osteoporosis and arthritis, which rendered her unable to lift or walk without assistance.
While Rogers was out of the house, S.H. suffered serious bodily injury
such that he was unable to breathe and was unresponsive. S.H. was
rushed to the hospital, where a doctor observed that his eyes were at
an angle and one eye was dilated while the other was constricted, something
the doctors felt was consistent with a deep middle brain injury.
A CAT scan revealed that S.H. had a large subdural hematoma
See footnote on the
right side of his brain with a large amount of midline shift, and
he was listed in critical condition. S.H. also suffered extensive retinal hemorrhages.
S.H. was transferred to Riley Hospital and taken for surgery to evacuate
the hematoma. On June 15, 2002, a CAT scan revealed that S.H.
had a small right subdural hematoma, a fracture of the right frontal lobe,
and a swelling secondary brain injury.
On July 18, 2002, S.H. was discharged to a foster home with a
nasogastric feeding tube, and he was unable to follow objects with his eyes.
His discharge diagnosis was listed as subdural hematoma, non-accidental trauma. On
August 12, 2002, a feeding study revealed uncoordinated oral motor control. On
September 8, 2002, a medical notation revealed left eye blindness. On December
12, 2003, when S.H. was nearly two years old, he was unable to
crawl. S.H. continues to suffer poor muscle tone on his left side,
is developmentally delayed, and remains on anti-seizure medications.
On August 21, 2002, the State charged Hulfachor with battery and aggravated battery.
On the day that was set for trial, Hulfachor pleaded guilty to
neglect of a dependent. In exchange, the State dismissed the original counts
of battery and aggravated battery. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court
noted:
I asked the lawyers if they could answer some of my questions which
we communicated through e-mail and long story short I was able to go
to Juvenile and review the CHINS file in Judge Paynes chambers where I
had access to among other things the parenting assessment that was done by
the Childrens Bureau . . . .
Tr. p. 23. The trial court found the nature and circumstances of
the offense and the extent of the injury to be aggravating factors.
The trial court found as mitigating factors: (1) Hulfachors lack of criminal history;
(2) her remorse, and (3) her youth. Hulfachor was sentenced to the
presumptive term of ten years with five years suspended to probation, and she
now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Evidence Outside the Record
Hulfachor first argues that the trial court improperly considered evidence outside the record
in determining her sentence. To the contrary, the State contends that Hulfachor
waived consideration of this issue by inviting the error. We agree with
the State.
A presentence investigation must be conducted and a report prepared by the probation
department for the courts use at sentencing. Ind. Code § 35-38-1-8.
The purpose of the presentence investigation is to ensure the court has before
it all relevant information about the defendants background it needs to formulate an
appropriate sentence. However, failure to object to allegedly unreliable information relied upon
by the trial court in sentencing results in waiver of the issue for
appeal. Johnson v. State, 699 N.E.2d 746, 751 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998).
Furthermore, by eliciting evidence, a defendant invites error and may not argue
on appeal that the error supports reversal. Kingery v. State, 659 N.E.2d
490, 494 (Ind. 1995).
Hulfachor did not object when the trial court made its statements regarding the
additional information it obtained from the CHINS file from another court. In
fact, it appears that Hulfachors attorney helped the trial court obtain this information.
Hulfachors attorney agreed to the introduction of this evidence when she participated
in unrecorded communications with the trial court over the Internet. Thus, Hulfachor
invited the error, and it is waived for our review. Nevertheless, we
strongly caution trial courts against looking outside the record for evidence in a
sentencing hearing. Obviously, such a practice deprives a defendant of the opportunity
to review the information and refute its accuracy. By not placing the
information in the record, the trial court created a risk that sentencing would
be based on inaccurate or irrelevant information. Therefore, trial courts should look
only to evidence properly placed in the record when making sentencing determinations.
II. Sentencing
Hulfachor next contends that her sentence was inappropriate. Specifically, she raises two
separate issues: whether the trial court appropriately weighed the aggravators and mitigators, and
whether her sentence was inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense
and her character.
Sentencing determinations are within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we
will only reverse for an abuse of discretion. Krumm v. State, 793
N.E.2d 1170, 1186 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). An abuse of discretion occurs
if the trial courts decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. We will not
revise a sentence authorized by statute unless it is inappropriate in light of
the nature of the offense and the character of the offender. Boner
v. State, 796 N.E.2d 1249, 1254 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).
Before imposing the sentence, the trial court must: (1) identify significant aggravating and
mitigating circumstances; (2) state the specific reason why each circumstance is aggravating and
mitigating; and (3) demonstrate that the aggravating and mitigating circumstances have been weighed
to determine that the aggravators outweigh the mitigators.
Id. at 1255. A finding of mitigating circumstances is not mandatory, and
the trial court need not consider a proffered mitigating circumstance that is highly
disputable in its nature, weight, or significance. Moyer v. State, 796 N.E.2d
309, 313 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Moreover, a trial court is not
obligated to weigh a mitigating factor the same as the defendant requests.
Smallwood v. State, 773 N.E.2d 259, 263 (Ind. 2002). A trial court
abuses its discretion regarding the consideration of mitigating circumstances only when the trial
court ignores mitigating circumstances that are both significant and clearly supported by the
record. Asher v. State, 790 N.E.2d 567, 571 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).
A. Aggravators and Mitigators
Hulfacher observes that her trial counsel set out five mitigating factors for the
trial courts consideration: her youth, her lack of criminal history, her remorse, the
hardship to her son if she was incarcerated, and her active participation in
the CHINS proceedings demonstrates that she would respond well to probation. The
trial court considered each of the first three in determining Hulfachers sentence; nevertheless,
she argues that the trial court did not accord sufficient weight to them.
However, as noted above, a trial court is not obligated to weigh
a mitigating factor the same as the defendant requests. Smallwood, 773 N.E.2d
at 263.
We note that hardship exists in every case where a defendant is sentenced
to a term of imprisonment. Jones v. State, 790 N.E.2d 536, 540
(Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Although it may be true that Hulfachers incarceration
will deprive S.H. of the love and support of his Mother, Appellants Br.
p. 13, no evidence was presented at the sentencing hearing to show that
the hardship to S.H. would be undue. Moreover, it was established that
S.H. is responding well in a foster home environment and has the potential
of living with his grandparents. Thus, the trial court did not err
in not considering this to be a mitigating factor.
Although the trial court did not list as a mitigator that Hulfacher would
respond well to probation, it is clear from the record that the trial
court did consider this issue. The trial court imposed the presumptive sentence,
but suspended five years of the sentence to probation, which gives Hulfacher the
benefit of the claim that she would respond well to probation. Therefore,
we find no error on this issue.
Hulfacher also avers that the trial court improperly considered the nature and circumstances
of the crime as an aggravator. However, facts evidencing the particular brutality
of the attack and severity of the resulting injury may be considered as
an aggravating factor. Bailey v. State, 763 N.E.2d 998, 1004 (Ind. 2002).
Here, S.H., an infant of only seven months at the time of
the injury, is now developmentally disabled, blind in one eye, and at high
risk for lifelong seizures because of non-accidental injury sustained at the hands of
Hulfacher. Tr. p. 14; Ex. p. 40, 680, 691, 695. These
injuries that will remain with S.H. throughout his life are sufficient to sustain
a finding of the nature and circumstances of the crime to be an
aggravating factor.
B. Appropriateness of the Sentence
Hulfacher finally argues that her sentence was inappropriate in light of the nature
of the offense and her character. However, Hulfacher had complete control of
seven-month-old S.H.s care and well-being when he was injured. When S.H. arrived
at the hospital, he was in a coma, had a dilated right pupil
and retinal hemorrhages with associated brain swelling. He still suffers from seizures,
is developmentally delayed, and has poor muscle tone on his left side.
Neither the nature of the offense, nor the character of the offender support
a reduced sentence. Even though Hulfacher was sentenced to the presumptive term,
we note that she will serve one year less than the minimum term
in the Department of Correction because the trial court suspended five years of
her sentence to probation. This is not an inappropriate sentence under the
circumstances.
CONCLUSION
In light of the above conclusions, we find that Hulfachers sentence was appropriate
and the trial court did not err in its consideration of aggravators and
mitigators. We also find that Hulfachor waived her right to argue that
the trial court considered evidence outside the record, but strongly admonish trial courts
not to do so in the future.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
KIRSCH, C.J., and ROBB, J., concur.
Footnote:
Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4.
Footnote:
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood on the surface of
the brain. It lies beneath the outer covering (the dura) of the brain
and the brains surface. Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia, a service of the
U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health, at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
ency/article/000713.htm (last visited August 9, 2004).